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NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains represent major clinical and infection control challenges, particularly in resource-limited settings with high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Determining whether transmission occurs at a gene, plasmid, or bacterial strain level and within hospital and/or the community has implications for monitoring and controlling spread. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the highest-resolution typing method available for transmission epidemiology. We sequenced carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates from 26 individuals involved in several infection case clusters in a Nepali neonatal unit and 68 other clinical Gram-negative isolates from a similar time frame, using Illumina and PacBio technologies. Within-outbreak chromosomal and closed-plasmid structures were generated and used as data set-specific references. Three temporally separated case clusters were caused by a single NDM K. pneumoniae strain with a conserved set of four plasmids, one being a 304,526-bp plasmid carrying bla(NDM-1). The plasmids contained a large number of antimicrobial/heavy metal resistance and plasmid maintenance genes, which may have explained their persistence. No obvious environmental/human reservoir was found. There was no evidence of transmission of outbreak plasmids to other Gram-negative clinical isolates, although bla(NDM) variants were present in other isolates in different genetic contexts. WGS can effectively define complex antimicrobial resistance epidemiology. Wider sampling frames are required to contextualize outbreaks. Infection control may be effective in terminating outbreaks caused by particular strains, even in areas with widespread resistance, although this study could not demonstrate evidence supporting specific interventions. Larger, detailed studies are needed to characterize resistance genes, vectors, and host strains involved in disease, to enable effective intervention.

Original publication

DOI

10.1128/AAC.03900-14

Type

Journal article

Journal

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Publication Date

12/2014

Volume

58

Pages

7347 - 7357

Addresses

Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom nicole.stoesser@ndm.ox.ac.uk adam.giess@ndm.ox.ac.uk.

Keywords

Chromosomes, Bacterial, Humans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella Infections, Community-Acquired Infections, Cross Infection, beta-Lactamases, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Chromosome Mapping, Endemic Diseases, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Gene Expression, Genome, Bacterial, Plasmids, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intensive Care Units, Neonatal, Hospitals, Nepal, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing