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Omega-3 and omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are essential for the development and function of the human brain. They can be obtained directly from food, e.g., fish, or synthesized from precursor molecules found in vegetable oils. To determine the importance of genetic variability to fatty-acid biosynthesis, we studied FADS1 and FADS2, which encode rate-limiting enzymes for fatty-acid conversion. We performed genome-wide genotyping (n = 5,652 individuals) and targeted resequencing (n = 960 individuals) of the FADS region in five European population cohorts. We also analyzed available genomic data from human populations, archaic hominins, and more distant primates. Our results show that present-day humans have two common FADS haplotypes-defined by 28 closely linked SNPs across 38.9 kb-that differ dramatically in their ability to generate LC-PUFAs. No independent effects on FADS activity were seen for rare SNPs detected by targeted resequencing. The more efficient, evolutionarily derived haplotype appeared after the lineage split leading to modern humans and Neanderthals and shows evidence of positive selection. This human-specific haplotype increases the efficiency of synthesizing essential long-chain fatty acids from precursors and thereby might have provided an advantage in environments with limited access to dietary LC-PUFAs. In the modern world, this haplotype has been associated with lifestyle-related diseases, such as coronary artery disease.

Original publication

DOI

10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.03.014

Type

Journal article

Journal

American journal of human genetics

Publication Date

05/2012

Volume

90

Pages

809 - 820

Addresses

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Keywords

Animals, Humans, Fatty Acid Desaturases, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Fatty Acids, Omega-6, Diet, Risk Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Life Style, Adaptation, Physiological, Amino Acid Sequence, Haplotypes, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Multigene Family, Molecular Sequence Data, European Continental Ancestry Group, Croatia, Scotland, Italy, Sweden, Phylogeography, Neanderthals