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The speed of virus replication has typically been seen as an advantage for a virus in overcoming the ability of the immune system to control its population growth. Under some circumstances, the converse may also be true: more slowly replicating viruses may evoke weaker cellular immune responses and therefore enhance their likelihood of persistence. Using the model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice, we provide evidence that slowly replicating strains induce weaker cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses than a more rapidly replicating strain. Conceptually, we show a "bell-shaped" relationship between the LCMV growth rate and the peak CTL response. Quantitative analysis of human hepatitis C virus infections suggests that a reduction in virus growth rate between patients during the incubation period is associated with a spectrum of disease outcomes, from fulminant hepatitis at the highest rate of viral replication through acute resolving to chronic persistence at the lowest rate. A mathematical model for virus-CTL population dynamics (analogous to predator [CTL]-prey [virus] interactions) is applied in the clinical data-driven analysis of acute hepatitis B virus infection. The speed of viral replication, through its stimulus of host CTL responses, represents an important factor influencing the pathogenesis and duration of virus persistence within the human host. Viruses with lower growth rates may persist in the host because they "sneak through" immune surveillance.

Original publication

DOI

10.1128/JVI.78.5.2247-2254.2004

Type

Journal article

Journal

Journal of virology

Publication Date

03/2004

Volume

78

Pages

2247 - 2254

Addresses

Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, University of London, United Kingdom.

Keywords

T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Hepatitis B virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Acute Disease, Chronic Disease, Virus Replication, Kinetics, Models, Immunological