Predicting the environmental suitability for onchocerciasis in Africa as an aid to elimination planning.
Cromwell EA., Osborne JCP., Unnasch TR., Basáñez M-G., Gass KM., Barbre KA., Hill E., Johnson KB., Donkers KM., Shirude S., Schmidt CA., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh OO., Afarideh M., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed MB., Akalu TY., Al-Aly Z., Alanezi FM., Alanzi TM., Alipour V., Andrei CL., Ansari F., Ansha MG., Anvari D., Appiah SCY., Arabloo J., Arnold BF., Ausloos M., Ayanore MA., Baig AA., Banach M., Barac A., Bärnighausen TW., Bayati M., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta ZA., Bibi S., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Brady OJ., Bragazzi NL., Butt ZA., Carvalho F., Chatterjee S., Chattu VK., Chattu SK., Cormier NM., Dahlawi SMA., Damiani G., Daoud F., Darwesh AM., Daryani A., Deribe K., Dharmaratne SD., Diaz D., Do HT., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., Elemineh DA., Faraj A., Fasihi Harandi M., Fatahi Y., Feigin VL., Fernandes E., Foigt NA., Foroutan M., Franklin RC., Gubari MIM., Guido D., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamagharib Abdullah K., Hamidi S., Herteliu C., Hidru HDD., Higazi TB., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Ilesanmi OS., Ilic MD., Ilic IM., Iqbal U., Irvani SSN., Jha RP., Joukar F., Jozwiak JJ., Kabir Z., Kalankesh LR., Kalhor R., Karami Matin B., Karimi SE., Kasaeian A., Kavetskyy T., Kayode GA., Kazemi Karyani A., Kelbore AG., Keramati M., Khalilov R., Khan EA., Khan MNN., Khatab K., Khater MM., Kianipour N., Kibret KT., Kim YJ., Kosen S., Krohn KJ., Kusuma D., La Vecchia C., Lansingh VC., Lee PH., LeGrand KE., Li S., Longbottom J., Magdy Abd El Razek H., Magdy Abd El Razek M., Maleki A., Mamun AA., Manafi A., Manafi N., Mansournia MA., Martins-Melo FR., Mazidi M., McAlinden C., Meharie BG., Mendoza W., Mengesha EW., Mengistu DT., Mereta ST., Mestrovic T., Miller TR., Miri M., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mohammed S., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser JF., Naderi M., Nagarajan AJ., Naik G., Negoi I., Nguyen CT., Nguyen HLT., Nguyen TH., Nikbakhsh R., Oancea B., Olagunju TO., Olagunju AT., Omar Bali A., Onwujekwe OE., Pana A., Pourjafar H., Rahim F., Rahman MHU., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf DL., Rawassizadeh R., Resnikoff S., Reta MA., Rezapour A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sadeghi E., Saghafipour A., Sajadi SM., Samy AM., Sarmiento-Suárez R., Sawhney M., Schipp MF., Shaheen AA., Shaikh MA., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sheikh A., Shetty BSK., Shetty BSK., Shin JI., Shivakumar KM., Simonetti B., Singh JA., Skiadaresi E., Soheili A., Soltani S., Spurlock EE., Sufiyan MB., Tabuchi T., Tapak L., Thompson RL., Thomson AJ., Traini E., Tran BX., Ullah I., Ullah S., Uneke CJ., Unnikrishnan B., Uthman OA., Vinkeles Melchers NVS., Violante FS., Wolde HF., Wonde TE., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yousof H-ASA., Yu C., Yu Y., Yusefzadeh H., Zaki L., Zaman SB., Zamanian M., Zhang Z-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay SI., Pigott DM.
Recent evidence suggests that, in some foci, elimination of onchocerciasis from Africa may be feasible with mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin. To achieve continental elimination of transmission, mapping surveys will need to be conducted across all implementation units (IUs) for which endemicity status is currently unknown. Using boosted regression tree models with optimised hyperparameter selection, we estimated environmental suitability for onchocerciasis at the 5 × 5-km resolution across Africa. In order to classify IUs that include locations that are environmentally suitable, we used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to identify an optimal threshold for suitability concordant with locations where onchocerciasis has been previously detected. This threshold value was then used to classify IUs (more suitable or less suitable) based on the location within the IU with the largest mean prediction. Mean estimates of environmental suitability suggest large areas across West and Central Africa, as well as focal areas of East Africa, are suitable for onchocerciasis transmission, consistent with the presence of current control and elimination of transmission efforts. The ROC analysis identified a mean environmental suitability index of 0·71 as a threshold to classify based on the location with the largest mean prediction within the IU. Of the IUs considered for mapping surveys, 50·2% exceed this threshold for suitability in at least one 5 × 5-km location. The formidable scale of data collection required to map onchocerciasis endemicity across the African continent presents an opportunity to use spatial data to identify areas likely to be suitable for onchocerciasis transmission. National onchocerciasis elimination programmes may wish to consider prioritising these IUs for mapping surveys as human resources, laboratory capacity, and programmatic schedules may constrain survey implementation, and possibly delaying MDA initiation in areas that would ultimately qualify.