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Effects of susceptibility variants may depend on from which parent they are inherited. Although many associations between sequence variants and human traits have been discovered through genome-wide associations, the impact of parental origin has largely been ignored. Here we show that for 38,167 Icelanders genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips, the parental origin of most alleles can be determined. For this we used a combination of genealogy and long-range phasing. We then focused on SNPs that associate with diseases and are within 500 kilobases of known imprinted genes. Seven independent SNP associations were examined. Five-one with breast cancer, one with basal-cell carcinoma and three with type 2 diabetes-have parental-origin-specific associations. These variants are located in two genomic regions, 11p15 and 7q32, each harbouring a cluster of imprinted genes. Furthermore, we observed a novel association between the SNP rs2334499 at 11p15 and type 2 diabetes. Here the allele that confers risk when paternally inherited is protective when maternally transmitted. We identified a differentially methylated CTCF-binding site at 11p15 and demonstrated correlation of rs2334499 with decreased methylation of that site.

Original publication

DOI

10.1038/nature08625

Type

Journal article

Journal

Nature

Publication Date

12/2009

Volume

462

Pages

868 - 874

Addresses

deCODE genetics, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland. kong@decode.is

Keywords

DIAGRAM Consortium, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11, Humans, Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Breast Neoplasms, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Repressor Proteins, Pedigree, Fathers, Mothers, DNA Methylation, Genomic Imprinting, Binding Sites, Haplotypes, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Alleles, Genome, Human, Iceland, Female, Male, CCCTC-Binding Factor