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Automatic segmentation of subcortical structures in human brain MR images is an important but difficult task due to poor and variable intensity contrast. Clear, well-defined intensity features are absent in many places along typical structure boundaries and so extra information is required to achieve successful segmentation. A method is proposed here that uses manually labelled image data to provide anatomical training information. It utilises the principles of the Active Shape and Appearance Models but places them within a Bayesian framework, allowing probabilistic relationships between shape and intensity to be fully exploited. The model is trained for 15 different subcortical structures using 336 manually-labelled T1-weighted MR images. Using the Bayesian approach, conditional probabilities can be calculated easily and efficiently, avoiding technical problems of ill-conditioned covariance matrices, even with weak priors, and eliminating the need for fitting extra empirical scaling parameters, as is required in standard Active Appearance Models. Furthermore, differences in boundary vertex locations provide a direct, purely local measure of geometric change in structure between groups that, unlike voxel-based morphometry, is not dependent on tissue classification methods or arbitrary smoothing. In this paper the fully-automated segmentation method is presented and assessed both quantitatively, using Leave-One-Out testing on the 336 training images, and qualitatively, using an independent clinical dataset involving Alzheimer's disease. Median Dice overlaps between 0.7 and 0.9 are obtained with this method, which is comparable or better than other automated methods. An implementation of this method, called FIRST, is currently distributed with the freely-available FSL package.

Original publication

DOI

10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.046

Type

Journal article

Journal

NeuroImage

Publication Date

06/2011

Volume

56

Pages

907 - 922

Addresses

FMRIB Centre, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Keywords

Brain, Thalamus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Statistical, Linear Models, Bayes Theorem, Reproducibility of Results, Algorithms, Models, Neurological, Artificial Intelligence, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult